在“it is(was)...that...”的句子结构中,有一个非常简单的区分强调句和形式主语的方法。就是把“it is(was)...that...”去掉,读一下剩下来的句子,是否是个完整句。如果是完整句,就是强调句;否则,就是形式主语。 TPO41-1 Ancient Athens的第一段最后一句是: “It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.” 这里出现了“it is(was)...that...”的结构。按照前述方法,我们把“It was that”去掉,此时句子变成:“The harmonious blending of all of these elements was to produce the classical culture of Athens”,是个完整的句子,所以这是强调句。中文的翻译应该为“正是(“it is(was)...that...”)这些要素的和谐融合在随后创造出了雅典的古典文明。” 下面两个句子中,有一个强调句和形式主语,大家可以用上面说的方法去识别一下,答案请看最后 A.It was she who,according to legend, taught Navajo women how to weave. B.Traditionally, it was believed that the transition to agriculture was the result of a worldwide population crisis. 3往前找 第三种是我们比较习以为常的名词指代,it指代的对象在it之前。 我们如何能看出这是往前找的名词指代,而不是强调句或形式主语呢? 答案就是,先把上面说的两种情况排除,排除以后剩下的全部都是往前找的名词指代。 具体的操作方法是:当我们看到一句话中主语出现it的时候,我们: (1)先看it的谓语,是连系动词(be动词及其他表示出现或维持等意思的动词)还是实意动词(do,有实际动作的动词,如吃喝拉撒睡)。如果是连系动词,还要再看看后面是否满足前面说的(a)形式主语或(b)强调句的公式。如果不满足,就是向前找的名词指代。如果是实意动词,又没有被动的形式(注意形式主语中有被动的情况it + be done +that完整句),那这个也是一个向前找的名词指代。 (2)接下来就要找出来具体指代的是哪个名词。在寻找往前的指代的过程中,我们应该遵循以下这三个基本原则:单复同形、就近和核心名词优先。 例如,TPO21-2的The Origins of Agriculture的第一段中,有两句话是这样:“Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages. To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomads life and become sedentary, to develop methods of storage and systems of irrigation.” (1)这里的it后面是实意动词forced,不满足其它两种情况,指代应该往前看单数名词。 (2)按照单复同形和就近原则,指代对象应该先从上句最后一个单数名词开始,也是agriculture开始。但是,我们发现agriculture在句子中是changing的一个修饰(定语),所以按照 核心名词优先原则,我们把前句Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture(主语)代入后句的it中,再配合上下文语境理解,识别出它是正确的指代。 事实上,同样的方法,也适用于定语从句中which和that的指代对象的识别中,只不过要注意的是which和that的指代对象也有可能是名词的复数。同时,非限制性定语从句中,which还可能指前面一整句话。 最后说说It当主语的时候容易出现的两个误区: (1)在口语中,我们会用it指代前面一整句话。 比如NBA球星詹姆斯在比赛中手感火热。所以他说, “I am on fire. It feels so good.” 这里的it指的 “I am on fire ”这件事情。However,在托福阅读文章这样严谨的学术表达中,为了避免指代混乱,如果要指前面整个句子,通常会用this,而不是it。当然,这也不一定是绝对的,但大部分情况之下都是如此。 比如:According to paragraph 4, why did the invention of bronze lead to increased conflict? A. It resulted in more effective weapons for warriors B. It led to competition for the control of skilled craftspeople and their products C. It left the craftspeople who had been involved in making copper products without an occupation. D. It led to competition for available supplies of tin to be used in 选项的it应该指代的是题干的提问对象“the invention of bronze”,而不是“increased conflict”,更不是其他内容。
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